Sapolsky helps us see why, unsurprisingly, it’s “a mixture of both.” 19, 20
There is a larger philosophical debate about whether humans in their natural uncivilized state are innately “bad” or “good,” often referred to as “Hobbes” vs. A recent meta-analysis of the prevalence of ADHD in incarcerated populations found that compared with published general population prevalence, there is a fivefold increase in the prevalence of ADHD in youth prison populations (30.1 percent) and a 10-fold increase in adult prison populations (26.2 percent). 16 ADHD plays an outsized role in human aggressive and criminal behavior. The most common clinically defined “disorder” associated with these characteristics is ADHD. A great many people have relatively lower frontal cortical brain activity and consequently lower self-control (and, more generally, weaker executive functioning). There is very wide variability in frontal lobe functioning across individuals-probably best described by a bell curve, like most traits.
As the neuroscientist and biological anthropologist Robert Sapolsky pithily puts it: The frontal lobe helps us do the harder thing when it's the right thing to do. Inhibitory control or self-control is largely a function of the frontal lobes of our brains (especially the prefrontal cortex).
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